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Dennis Ritchie is the creator of the C programming language. He developed it at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. Bjarne Stroustrup created C++, James Gosling created Java, and Dr. E.F. Codd invented the relational database model.

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C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in 1972 as an evolution of the earlier B language (developed by Ken Thompson) primarily to write the UNIX operating system.

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In a 16-bit compiler (like Turbo C), a signed integer takes 16 bits (2 bytes) of memory. The formula for the range of a signed integer of $n$ bits is from $-2^{(n-1)}$ to $2^{(n-1)} - 1$. For $n=16$, this is $-2^{15}$ to $2^{15}-1$, which equals -32768 to 32767.

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A compiler is a system software that translates the entire high-level source code (like C) into low-level machine code (binary) at once before execution. An editor is just for typing the code, and an operating system manages hardware.

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According to C naming conventions for identifiers: a variable name MUST start with an alphabet or an underscore. It cannot start with a number, and it cannot contain or start with any special symbol other than the underscore. Therefore, both B and C are invalid starting characters.

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In C arithmetic expressions, only parentheses () are allowed to explicitly define the precedence (order of evaluation) of operators. Square brackets [] are reserved for array indexing, and curly braces {} are used to define blocks of code (like loops or functions).

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In C, the precedence of arithmetic operators follows standard mathematical rules (BODMAS/PEMDAS). Multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%) share the highest priority. Addition (+) and subtraction (-) share a lower priority. If operators have the same priority, associativity applies (left-to-right). Thus, * and / come before + and -.

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The human-readable code written directly by the programmer in a high-level language (like C) is called the source program (or source code). When compiled, it becomes object code, and finally executable machine code.

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Data types (like int, float, char) differ based on the way they are stored in memory (size in bytes and encoding format, e.g., two's complement for int, IEEE 754 for float) and the type of operations that are mathematically and logically permissible on them (e.g., bitwise operations work on ints, but not floats).

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In C, when the number of iterations is known beforehand, the FOR loop is the standard construct used. It consolidates initialization, condition checking, and increment/decrement into a single, clean line.

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A loop (such as while or do-while) is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given boolean condition. It repeats until the condition evaluates to false.

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In C (specifically C89/C90), the size of a standard static array must be explicitly declared by the programmer at compile time using a constant expression (e.g., int arr[10];). Dynamic sizing requires manual memory allocation using pointers.

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FORTRAN, developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, is an acronym derived from FORmula TRANslation.

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Functions in C are categorized into two types: Library Functions (built-in, like printf or scanf) and User-defined Functions (created by the programmer to perform specific customized tasks).

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An assembler is a program that takes low-level assembly language (which uses mnemonics like ADD, MOV) and translates it directly into binary machine code (0s and 1s) that the CPU can execute.

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In C programming, an identifier is the technical term for a name given to entities such as variables, functions, structures, and arrays to uniquely identify them during the execution of the program.

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Whole numbers (numbers without fractional or decimal parts, like -5, 0, or 42) are classified and stored using the integer (int) data type in memory.

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Comments (// or /* */) are non-executable statements used heavily by programmers to document their code. They are used to highlight sections, explain complex logic/functions, define the purpose of variables, and increase overall code maintainability for other developers.

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A variable declared outside of all functions (at the top of the file) is known as a global variable. It can be accessed and modified by any function (routine) throughout the entire program's lifecycle.

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The if-else statement provides a two-way decision path. It evaluates a boolean condition: if true, it executes the if block; if false, it executes the alternative else block. Only one of the two options is ever executed.